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In 1907, German apothecary Julius Neubronner invented an aerial photography technique known as pigeon photography. By affixing a lightweight time-delayed miniature camera to an aluminium breast harness, Neubronner attached his design to homing pigeons who would then be able to capture aerial photographs during their flight.
'The pigeon was set free yesterday (May 28) after nothing suspicious was found.' However, the official didn't clear the air about the place to release the spy pigeon or make sure that it reached its owner already. Habibullah, the Pakistani owner of the pigeon said to Reuters that: 'It’s just an innocent bird'. Your spy Pigeon is like a one man commando and its mission is to fly over multiple areas where your enemies Army Units are staying and those building / posts are marked with RED arrow sign. Your spy pigeon has to fly over all of those RED marked areas and then it has to return back to its base, for a mission to be successful. Can you decipher this code? Here's a hint: Z=A; +=1; =10. Enter the message in the space below. Try to figure out the code without using the decryption tool for every letter.
Below you will find a brief history of this peculiar turn of the century design with all of the pictures of pigeons with cameras I could find!
In 1903, Julius Neubronner, an apothecary in the German town of Kronberg near Frankfurt, resumed a practice begun by his father half a century earlier and received prescriptions from a sanatorium in nearby Falkenstein via pigeon post.
He delivered urgent medications up to 75 grams (2.6 oz) by the same method, and positioned some of his pigeons with his wholesaler in Frankfurt to profit from faster deliveries himself.
When one of his pigeons lost its orientation in fog and mysteriously arrived, well-fed, four weeks late, Neubronner was inspired with the playful idea of equipping his pigeons with automatic cameras to trace their paths. [Source: Wikipedia]
This thought led him to merge his two hobbies into a hybrid activity, combining carrier pigeons with amateur photography. Neubronner began the development of a light miniature camera that could be fitted to a pigeon’s breast by means of a harness and an aluminium cuirass. Using wooden camera models weighing 30 to 75 grams (1.1 to 2.6 oz), the pigeons were carefully trained for their load.
To take an aerial photograph, Neubronner carried a pigeon to a location up to about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from its home, where it was equipped with a camera and released. The bird, keen to be relieved of its burden, would typically fly home on a direct route, at a height of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft). A pneumatic system in the camera controlled the time delay before a photograph was taken. To accommodate the burdened pigeon, the dovecote (the structure that houses pigeons or doves) had a spacious, elastic landing board and a large entry hole. [Source: Wikipedia]
Initially, the military potential of pigeon photography for aerial reconnaissance appeared attractive. Battlefield tests in the First World War provided encouraging results, but the ancillary technology of mobile dovecotes for messenger pigeons had the greatest impact. Owing to the rapid perfection of aviation during the war, military interest in pigeon photography faded and Neubronner abandoned his experiments.
The idea was briefly resurrected in the 1930s by a Swiss clockmaker, and reportedly also by the German and French militaries. Although war pigeons were deployed extensively during the Second World War, it is unclear to what extent, if any, birds were involved in aerial reconnaissance. The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) later developed a battery-powered camera designed for espionage pigeon photography; details of its use remain classified. [Source: Wikipedia]
The “double camera” described in the patent had two lenses pointing in opposite directions (forward/backward), each with a focal length of 40 mm. Operated by a single focal-plane shutter, the camera could take two simultaneous glass plate exposures at a time determined by the pneumatic system. [Source: Wikipedia]
In 1920 Neubronner found that ten years of hard work and considerable expenses had been rewarded only with his inclusion in encyclopedias and the satisfaction that an ancillary technology, the mobile dovecote (described below), had proved its worth in the war. Neubronner’s panoramic camera is displayed at the German Museum of Technology in Berlin and the Deutsches Museum in Munich. [Source: Wikipedia]
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Exidy was a developer and manufacturer of coin-operated amusements. The company was founded by H.R. 'Pete' Kauffman and Samuel Hawes in 1973.[1][2] The name 'Exidy' was a portmanteau of the words 'Excellence in Dynamics'.
Notable games released by Exidy include Circus, Death Race, Star Fire, Venture, Pepper II, Mouse Trap, Targ and Spectar.
Game history[edit]
Pete Kauffman was a marketing executive at Ramtek (company) in 1972 and was one of several employees of the company who played the original Atari Pong prototype at Andy Capps Tavern in Sunnyvale, California. Believing coin-operated video games would become a major business, he left Ramtek in late 1973 to establish Exidy with Ampex engineer Samuel Hawes.[3]
Exidy found competing with larger video game companies such as Atari, Inc. difficult. The company's Lila Zinter claimed in 1983 that 'Exidy is an innovator, but ... we have a hard time breaking through the politics of getting a game a fair chance.'[4]
One of Exidy's efforts aimed at trivia lovers during the 1980s was the quiz game Fax, a multi-level game housed in a large wooden cabinet that stood about 4 feet high and looked nothing like other video games of the time period.[5] The players were shown a series of questions with four possible answers. A point value 'clock' ran down to zero after answers were shown, meaning players answering quicker earned more points for their correct answers (Incorrect answers incurred no penalty).
Beginning in 1983, Exidy released a series of light gun games, the first and most well known of which was Crossbow. These presented an unusual twist to the light gun genre: the goal is to protect characters walking through the screen by shooting things which are trying to kill the characters. These games were also the first to feature fully digitized sound for all sound effects and music.[citation needed] Other 'C' series games include Cheyenne, Combat, Crackshot, Clay Pigeon and Chiller. Chief designer for these games was Larry Hutcherson.[6] Exidy also made two rarely seen motion cabinet games with vector graphics called Vertigo and Top Gunner. Chief game designer for this game was Vic Tolomei.
Another somewhat successful[citation needed] game from Exidy was a driving game named Top Secret. This game featured a spy car with advanced weaponry on a mission inside the Soviet Union to destroy a heavily guarded Top Secret super weapon. Game designers for this game were Vic Tolomei, Larry Hutcherson and Ken Nicholson.
In 2006, it was announced that Mean Hamster Software acquired rights to develop new Exidy arcade games.[7]
In 2015, CollectorVision Games registered the unused trademark rights to the Exidy name and logo.[8]
The Exidy Sorcerer[edit]
Under the leadership of visionary Paul Terrell of Byte Shop fame, Exidy made a brief foray into the personal computer market, with the Exidy Sorcerer in 1978.
The Sorcerer was a modified S-100 bus based machine, but lacked the internal expansion system common to other S-100 systems. It made do with an S-100 expansion card-edge that could connect to an external S-100 expansion cage. The Sorcerer also featured an advanced (for the era) text display that was capable of 64 characters per line, when most systems supported only 40 characters. The Sorcerer did not support sound, color, or in some respects, graphics, which seems at odds with the company's video game background; however, the characters it displayed were programmable by the user. The system was never very popular in North America, but found a following in Australia and Europe, notably Belgium.[9] Exidy licensed the Sorcerer computer and its software to a Texas-based startup called Dynasty Computer Corporation in 1979. It was relabeled and sold by Dynasty as the Dynasty Smart-Alec.
Arcade titles[edit]
| Title | Release date | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| TV Pinball | 1975 | License of Ramtek's Knockout. The cocktail version is called Table Pinball. |
| Table Foosballer | 1975 | Licensed from Ramtek. |
| Alley Rally | 1975 | |
| Destruction Derby | 1975 | |
| Old Time Basketball | 1975 | Mechanical basketball game. |
| Death Race | April 1, 1976 | During development, this game was known as Death Race 98. |
| Robot Bowl | 1977 | |
| Score | 1977 | |
| Super Death Chase | 1977 | |
| Circus | 1977 | |
| Car Polo | 1977 | |
| Attack | 1977 | |
| Football | 1978 | |
| Ripcord | 1979 | |
| Side Trak | 1979 | |
| Crash | 1979 | |
| Fire One! | 1979 | |
| Star Fire | 1979 | |
| Bandido | January 1980 | Originally developed and released by Nintendo in 1979 as Sheriff |
| Tail Gunner 2 | 1980 | Purchased from Cinematronics |
| Spectar | 1980 | |
| Targ | 1980 | |
| Mouse Trap | 1981 | |
| Venture | 1981 | |
| Pepper II | 1982 | |
| Victory | 1982 | Exidy also produced a graphics hack of this game called Victor Banana. |
| Hard Hat | 1982 | Limited release |
| Fax | 1983 | |
| Whirly Bucket | 1983 | A twist on the Skee-Ball concept. Unlike that game, the balls curve around a loop, hopefully falling into a hole. Just under the holes, there is a moving puppet, which can be struck with the ball for double points. |
| Tidal Wave | 1983 | A twist on the Skee-Ball concept. Unlike that game, the balls curve around a loop, hopefully falling into a hole. |
| Crossbow | 1983 | |
| Cheyenne | 1984 | |
| Catch-22 | 1985 | |
| Combat | 1985 | |
| Crackshot | 1985 | |
| Vertigo | 1985 | Limited release |
| Top Gunner | 1986 | |
| Top Secret | 1986 | During development, this game was called 0077. The title was changed to Top Secret possibly due to copyright issues, since the title is similar to the movie series 007. When the game was changed to Top Secret, 50 levels were added and the controls were changed to a steering wheel. |
| Clay Pigeon | 1986 | |
| Chiller | 1986 | |
| Hit 'n Miss | 1987 | |
| Who Dunit | 1988 | |
| Showdown | 1988 | Poker game |
| Yukon | 1989 | Poker game (gambling version) |
| Twister | 1989 | A take on the Skee-Ball concept. |
| Turbo Ticket | 1996 | A take on the ticket grabber concept. |
Game Pigeon Download
First Star Software games[edit]
These were licensed from First Star Software in 1984 for use with the Max-A-Flex arcade system.
Unreleased prototypes[edit]
- Kreepy Krawlers (1979)
- UFO's (1980)
- Teeter Torture (1982)
- Snapper (1982)
- Critter (1995, mechanical gun game)
- Hot Shot (1995, mechanical gun game)
- Troll (1995, mechanical gun game)
Free titles via MAME[edit]
In 2007, the MAME website announced[10] that H.R. Kauffman had released the first of what would become a sizable group of Exidy games downloadable for free, non-commercial use, adding Circus to the already-released Teeter Torture. By 2011, with the help of Reinhard Stompe, the list[11] of ROM images included Circus, Robot Bowl, Car Polo, Side Trak, Ripcord, Fire One, Crash, Star Fire and its unreleased upgrade Star Fire II, Targ, Spectar, Hard Hat, Victory, Teeter Torture, Fax and Top Gunner.
The ROM images may be freely downloaded from the MAME website after the user acknowledges the terms of usage.[12]
References[edit]
Game Pigeon Ios
- ^'Obituary: Exidy founder Pete Kauffman'. Gamasutra. 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
- ^'Pete Kauffman Dies; Created Arcade Games Under Exidy Brand'. Vending Times. 2015-07-27. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
- ^Smith, Alexander (2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Volume I. CRC Press. p. 201. ISBN9781138389908.
- ^Pearl, Rick (June 1983). 'Closet Classics'. Electronic Games. p. 82. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ^Flippers Web Site image of FAX game.
- ^James Hague, 'The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers: Hutcherson, Larry W. Sr.', 24 January 2010
- ^Mean Hamster Software
- ^CollectorVision Games
- ^Obsolete Technology Website
- ^MAME | Multiple Arcade machine Emulator 'New ROMs and Wiki Content', February 27, 2007, accessed June 15, 2011.
- ^MAME | Star Fire (Exidy, 1979) Undated; images last modified October 26, 2010, accessed June 15, 2011.
- ^MAME | Multiple Arcade machine Emulator 'New Free ROMs Posted', January 25, 2011, accessed June 15, 2011.
External links[edit]
Game Pigeon Online
- The Dot Eaters Article featuring a history of Death Race and Exidy